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1923 Kraków riot
1923 Kraków riot refers to a riot that took place during a strike on 6 November 1923 in Kraków, Poland. The riot is also called ''1923 Kraków uprising'', particularly by the Marxist sources.〔(Kraków at internet encyclopedia of interia.pl )〕〔(Gazeta Bankowa, Financial history of the 20th century )〕
== Background ==
Poland regained independence in 1918 (see Partitions of Poland), in the aftermath of the First World War, but was involved in several military conflicts, such as Polish-Soviet War, till late 1920. After the wars, the newly reconstituted country had to deal with a difficult economic situation, including economic depression and hyperinflation.〔 Stanisław Czerpak, (Walka zbrojna na ulicach Krakowa w listopadzie 1923 r. )〕 Workers rights were curtailed, their material situation drastically worsened, and Polish socialists were in opposition to the coalition government of Endecja and Chjeno-Piast, with Wincenty Witos as prime minister.〔 At the same time, Witos and his men were afraid that Józef Piłsudski, who for the time being was staying in his estate in Sulejowek, would use any opportunity to return to power. The Marshall was officially presenting himself as a private person, but his house was carefully watched by the police.〔(Gazeta Wyborcza. 6.XI.1923. Na krakowskim bruku by Wlodzimierz Kalicki ) retrieved June 17, 2009〕
In the fall of 1923, hundreds of strikes took place across the country.〔 At first, Polish government adopted a lenient policy towards worker demonstration, but after a scandal in 1922, in which a carriage with Polish president was pelted by stones by the workers while police did nothing, this policy changed.〔 Andrzej Osęka, (Gumowa kula demokracji ). Numer: 26/2005 (1178)〕 In October 1923, railroads were militarized, and the striking rail workers were drafted into the army. In Kraków, where workers' strikes and demonstrations were occurring as well,〔 local military commander, General Józef Czikiel, introduced special courts for striking rail workers. In response, on November 5, Polish Socialist Party proclaimed a general strike.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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